واقعه کربلا در منابع اروپایی
تبهای اولیه
بر گرفته از یک ایمیل (جهت اطلاع)
واقعه کربلا درکتاب تاریخ آنگلوساکسون در سال 685 میلادی ثبت گردیده است و پاسخ مناسبی برای افرادی است که در منابع غیر اسلامی مدرک مستندی برای تایید اعتقادات شیعه را جستجو مینمایند لطفا در فوروارد آن به دوستان کوتاهی نکنیم
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also spelled Kerbela
The city's religious significance derives from the Battle of Karbalāʾ (AD 680), a one-sided contest in which al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, the Shīʿite leader and grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, and his small party were massacred by a much larger force sent by the Umayyad caliph Yazīd I. Ḥusayn's tomb, located in the city, is one of the most important Shīʿite shrines and pilgrimage centres. (Sunni Wahhābī raiders destroyed it in 1801, but it was soon rebuilt.) Shīʿite Muslims consider burial in one of the city's many cemeteries a sure means of reaching paradise. The city's religious community has maintained close ties with coreligionists in Iran. A significant portion of Karbalāʾ's population is of Iranian descent, and large numbers of Iranians visit the city during pilgrimages to Ḥusayn's tomb.
Karbalāʾ still functions as a trade centre and a departure point for the pilgrimage to Mecca. The city's older section is enclosed by a wall, with the newer buildings to the south. Karbalāʾ has been a centre of discontent with the country's rulers. Civil discord was brutally put down there after the Persian Gulf War (1990–91). The city suffered little damage during the initial phase (2003) of the Iraq War, but it has been subject to violence since then.
West of Karbalāʾ, in the desert, are the ruins of Al-Ukhaidir, a Sāsānian-style fortress of uncertain provenance. It was probably built in the late 8th century. Pop. (2003 est.) city, 475,000.
(Oct. 10, 680 [10th of Muharram, AH 61]), brief military engagement in which a small party led by al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, grandson of the Prophet Muhammad and son of ʿAlī, the fourth caliph, was defeated and massacred by an army sent by the Umayyad caliph Yazīd I. The battle helped secure the position of the Umayyad dynasty, but among Shīʿite Muslims (followers of al-Ḥusayn) the 10th of Muharram (or ʿĀshūrāʾ) became an annual holy day of public mourning.
When Yazīd I succeeded his father, Muʿāwiyah I, to the caliphate in the spring of 680, the many partisans of Muhammad's late cousin and son-in-law ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib—who collectively felt that leadership of the Muslim community rightly belonged to the descendants of ʿAlī—rose in the city of Al-Kūfah, in what is now Iraq, and invited al-Ḥusayn to take refuge with them, promising to have him proclaimed caliph there. Meanwhile, Yazīd, having learned of the rebellious attitude of the Shīʿites in Al-Kūfah, sent ʿUbayd Allāh, governor of Al-Baṣrah, to restore order. The latter did so, summoning the chiefs of the tribes, making them responsible for the conduct of their people, and threatening reprisal. Al-Ḥusayn nevertheless set out from Mecca with all his family and retainers, expecting to be received with enthusiasm by the citizens of Al-Kūfah. However, on his arrival at Karbalāʾ, west of the Euphrates River, on October 10, he was confronted by a large army of perhaps 4,000 men sent by ʿUbayd Allāh and under the command of ʿUmar ibn Saʿd, son of the founder of Al-Kūfah. Al-Ḥusayn, whose retinue mustered only 72 fighting men, gave battle, vainly relying on the promised aid from Al-Kūfah, and fell with almost all his family and followers. The bodies of the dead, including that of al-Ḥusayn, were then mutilated, only adding to the consternation of later generations of Shīʿites.
Though it was a rash expedition, it did involve the grandson of the Prophet and thus many members of the Prophet's family. Al-Ḥusayn's devout partisans at Al-Kūfah, who by their overtures had been the principal cause of the disaster, regarded it as a tragedy, and the facts gradually acquired a romantic and spiritual colouring. ʿUmar, ʿUbayd Allāh, and even Yazīd came to be regarded by ʿAlī's supporters as murderers, and their names have ever since been held accursed by Shīʿite Muslims. Shīʿites observe the 10th of Muharram as a day of public mourning; and, among Iranians especially, as well as in Karbalāʾ, passion plays (Arabic taʿziyyah) are enacted, representing the misfortunes of the family of ʿAlī. The tomb of the decapitated martyr al-Ḥusayn at Karbalāʾ is their most holy place.
Shīʿite Muslim hero, grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, and son of ʿAlī (the fourth Islamic caliph) and Fāṭima, daughter of Muhammad. He is revered by Shīʿite Muslims as the third imam (after ʿAlī and Ḥusayn's older brother, Ḥasan).
After the assassination of their father, ʿAlī, Ḥasan and Ḥusayn acquiesced to the rule of the first Umayyad caliph, Muʿāwiya, from whom they received pensions. Ḥusayn, however, refused to recognize the legitimacy of Muʿāwiya's son and successor, Yazīd (April 680). Ḥusayn was then invited by the townsmen of Kūfah, a city with a Shīʿite majority, to come there and raise the standard of revolt against the Umayyads. After receiving some favourable indications, Ḥusayn set out for Kūfah with a small band of relatives and followers. According to traditional accounts, he met the poet al-Farazdaq on the way and was told that the hearts of the Iraqis were for him, but their swords were for the Umayyads. The governor of Iraq, on behalf of the caliph, sent 4,000 men to arrest Ḥusayn and his small band. They trapped Ḥusayn near the banks of the Euphrates River (October 680). When Ḥusayn refused to surrender, he and his escort were slain, and Ḥusayn's head was sent to Yazīd in Damascus (now in Syria).
In remembrance of the martyrdom of Ḥusayn, Shīʿite Muslims observe the first 10 days of Muḥarram (the date of the battle according to the Islamic calendar) as days of lamentation. Revenge for Ḥusayn's death was turned into a rallying cry that helped undermine the Umayyad caliphate and gave impetus to the rise of a powerful Shīʿite movement.
The details of Ḥusayn's life are obscured by the legends that grew up surrounding his martyrdom, but his final acts appear to have been inspired by a definite ideology—to found a regime that would reinstate a “true” Islamic polity as opposed to what he considered the unjust rule of the Umayyads.
--- On Sat, 11/17/12, abdolhamid afsari eval(unescape('%64%6f%63%75%6d%65%6e%74%2e%77%72%69%74%65%28%27%3c%61%20%68%72%65%66%3d%22%6d%61%69%6c%74%6f%3a%22%61%62%64%6f%6c%68%61%6d%69%64%2e%61%66%73%61%72%69%40%79%61%68%6f%6f%2e%63%6f%6d%22%22%20%63%6c%61%73%73%3d%22%62%62%2d%65%6d%61%69%6c%22%3e%3c%73%70%61%6e%20%73%74%79%6c%65%3d%22%63%6f%6c%6f%72%3a%23%32%33%34%37%38%36%22%3e%61%62%64%6f%6c%68%61%6d%69%64%2e%61%66%73%61%72%69%40%79%61%68%6f%6f%2e%63%6f%6d%3c%2f%73%70%61%6e%3e%3c%2f%61%3e%27%29%3b'))> wrote:
[INDENT]From: abdolhamid afsari eval(unescape('%64%6f%63%75%6d%65%6e%74%2e%77%72%69%74%65%28%27%3c%61%20%68%72%65%66%3d%22%6d%61%69%6c%74%6f%3a%22%61%62%64%6f%6c%68%61%6d%69%64%2e%61%66%73%61%72%69%40%79%61%68%6f%6f%2e%63%6f%6d%22%22%20%63%6c%61%73%73%3d%22%62%62%2d%65%6d%61%69%6c%22%3e%3c%73%70%61%6e%20%73%74%79%6c%65%3d%22%63%6f%6c%6f%72%3a%23%32%33%34%37%38%36%22%3e%61%62%64%6f%6c%68%61%6d%69%64%2e%61%66%73%61%72%69%40%79%61%68%6f%6f%2e%63%6f%6d%3c%2f%73%70%61%6e%3e%3c%2f%61%3e%27%29%3b'))>
Subject: واقعه کربلا در تاریخ آنگلوساکسون در سال 685 میلادی
To: "" eval(unescape('%64%6f%63%75%6d%65%6e%74%2e%77%72%69%74%65%28%27%3c%61%20%68%72%65%66%3d%22%6d%61%69%6c%74%6f%3a%22%66%77%73%74%75%64%69%65%73%40%79%61%68%6f%6f%67%72%6f%75%70%73%2e%63%6f%6d%22%22%20%63%6c%61%73%73%3d%22%62%62%2d%65%6d%61%69%6c%22%3e%3c%73%70%61%6e%20%73%74%79%6c%65%3d%22%63%6f%6c%6f%72%3a%23%32%33%34%37%38%36%22%3e%66%77%73%74%75%64%69%65%73%40%79%61%68%6f%6f%67%72%6f%75%70%73%2e%63%6f%6d%3c%2f%73%70%61%6e%3e%3c%2f%61%3e%27%29%3b'))>
Date: Saturday, November 17, 2012, 8:38 AM
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