واقعه کربلا در منابع اروپایی

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واقعه کربلا در منابع اروپایی

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واقعه کربلا درکتاب تاریخ آنگلوساکسون در سال 685 میلادی ثبت گردیده است و پاسخ مناسبی برای افرادی است که در منابع غیر اسلامی مدرک مستندی برای تایید اعتقادات شیعه را جستجو مینمایند لطفا در فوروارد آن به دوستان کوتاهی نکنیم



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سلام

چون Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2011 روی سیستمم نصب بود خواستم بدونم تو این منبع راجع به واقعه کربلا و امام حسین چیزی ذکر شده یا نه. به مداخل زیر برخوردم. گفتم شاید دوستان بدشون نیاد که یک بار هم از دید این منابع موضوع ببینند، هر چند که در نهایت تایید و رد این منابع تاثیری در عظمت واقعه نداره.

Karbalā
also spelled Kerbela

city, capital of Karbalāʾ muḥāfaẓah (governorate), central Iraq. One of Shīʿite Islam's foremost holy cities, it lies 55 miles (88 km) southwest of Baghdad, with which it is connected by rail.
The city's religious significance derives from the Battle of Karbalāʾ (AD 680), a one-sided contest in which al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, the Shīʿite leader and grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, and his small party were massacred by a much larger force sent by the Umayyad caliph Yazīd I. Ḥusayn's tomb, located in the city, is one of the most important Shīʿite shrines and pilgrimage centres. (Sunni Wahhābī raiders destroyed it in 1801, but it was soon rebuilt.) Shīʿite Muslims consider burial in one of the city's many cemeteries a sure means of reaching paradise. The city's religious community has maintained close ties with coreligionists in Iran. A significant portion of Karbalāʾ's population is of Iranian descent, and large numbers of Iranians visit the city during pilgrimages to Ḥusayn's tomb.
Karbalāʾ still functions as a trade centre and a departure point for the pilgrimage to Mecca. The city's older section is enclosed by a wall, with the newer buildings to the south. Karbalāʾ has been a centre of discontent with the country's rulers. Civil discord was brutally put down there after the Persian Gulf War (1990–91). The city suffered little damage during the initial phase (2003) of the Iraq War, but it has been subject to violence since then.
West of Karbalāʾ, in the desert, are the ruins of Al-Ukhaidir, a Sāsānian-style fortress of uncertain provenance. It was probably built in the late 8th century. Pop. (2003 est.) city, 475,000.


  • Karbalāʾ. (2011). Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.

Karbalāʾ, Battle of
(Oct. 10, 680 [10th of Muharram, AH 61]), brief military engagement in which a small party led by al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, grandson of the Prophet Muhammad and son of ʿAlī, the fourth caliph, was defeated and massacred by an army sent by the Umayyad caliph Yazīd I. The battle helped secure the position of the Umayyad dynasty, but among Shīʿite Muslims (followers of al-Ḥusayn) the 10th of Muharram (or ʿĀshūrāʾ) became an annual holy day of public mourning.
When Yazīd I succeeded his father, Muʿāwiyah I, to the caliphate in the spring of 680, the many partisans of Muhammad's late cousin and son-in-law ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib—who collectively felt that leadership of the Muslim community rightly belonged to the descendants of ʿAlī—rose in the city of Al-Kūfah, in what is now Iraq, and invited al-Ḥusayn to take refuge with them, promising to have him proclaimed caliph there. Meanwhile, Yazīd, having learned of the rebellious attitude of the Shīʿites in Al-Kūfah, sent ʿUbayd Allāh, governor of Al-Baṣrah, to restore order. The latter did so, summoning the chiefs of the tribes, making them responsible for the conduct of their people, and threatening reprisal. Al-Ḥusayn nevertheless set out from Mecca with all his family and retainers, expecting to be received with enthusiasm by the citizens of Al-Kūfah. However, on his arrival at Karbalāʾ, west of the Euphrates River, on October 10, he was confronted by a large army of perhaps 4,000 men sent by ʿUbayd Allāh and under the command of ʿUmar ibn Saʿd, son of the founder of Al-Kūfah. Al-Ḥusayn, whose retinue mustered only 72 fighting men, gave battle, vainly relying on the promised aid from Al-Kūfah, and fell with almost all his family and followers. The bodies of the dead, including that of al-Ḥusayn, were then mutilated, only adding to the consternation of later generations of Shīʿites.
Though it was a rash expedition, it did involve the grandson of the Prophet and thus many members of the Prophet's family. Al-Ḥusayn's devout partisans at Al-Kūfah, who by their overtures had been the principal cause of the disaster, regarded it as a tragedy, and the facts gradually acquired a romantic and spiritual colouring. ʿUmar, ʿUbayd Allāh, and even Yazīd came to be regarded by ʿAlī's supporters as murderers, and their names have ever since been held accursed by Shīʿite Muslims. Shīʿites observe the 10th of Muharram as a day of public mourning; and, among Iranians especially, as well as in Karbalāʾ, passion plays (Arabic taʿziyyah) are enacted, representing the misfortunes of the family of ʿAlī. The tomb of the decapitated martyr al-Ḥusayn at Karbalāʾ is their most holy place.

· Karbalāʾ, Battle of. (2011). Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.

Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, al-

born January 626, Medina, Arabia [now in Saudi Arabia]

died Oct. 10, 680, Karbalāʾ, Iraq
Shīʿite Muslim hero, grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, and son of ʿAlī (the fourth Islamic caliph) and Fāṭima, daughter of Muhammad. He is revered by Shīʿite Muslims as the third imam (after ʿAlī and Ḥusayn's older brother, Ḥasan).
After the assassination of their father, ʿAlī, Ḥasan and Ḥusayn acquiesced to the rule of the first Umayyad caliph, Muʿāwiya, from whom they received pensions. Ḥusayn, however, refused to recognize the legitimacy of Muʿāwiya's son and successor, Yazīd (April 680). Ḥusayn was then invited by the townsmen of Kūfah, a city with a Shīʿite majority, to come there and raise the standard of revolt against the Umayyads. After receiving some favourable indications, Ḥusayn set out for Kūfah with a small band of relatives and followers. According to traditional accounts, he met the poet al-Farazdaq on the way and was told that the hearts of the Iraqis were for him, but their swords were for the Umayyads. The governor of Iraq, on behalf of the caliph, sent 4,000 men to arrest Ḥusayn and his small band. They trapped Ḥusayn near the banks of the Euphrates River (October 680). When Ḥusayn refused to surrender, he and his escort were slain, and Ḥusayn's head was sent to Yazīd in Damascus (now in Syria).
In remembrance of the martyrdom of Ḥusayn, Shīʿite Muslims observe the first 10 days of Muḥarram (the date of the battle according to the Islamic calendar) as days of lamentation. Revenge for Ḥusayn's death was turned into a rallying cry that helped undermine the Umayyad caliphate and gave impetus to the rise of a powerful Shīʿite movement.
The details of Ḥusayn's life are obscured by the legends that grew up surrounding his martyrdom, but his final acts appear to have been inspired by a definite ideology—to found a regime that would reinstate a “true” Islamic polity as opposed to what he considered the unjust rule of the Umayyads.

· Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, al-. (2011). Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.

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Subject: واقعه کربلا در تاریخ آنگلوساکسون در سال 685 میلادی
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Date: Saturday, November 17, 2012, 8:38 AM

واقعه کربلا در تاریخ آنگلوساکسون در سال 685 میلادی

به طور تصادفی در یکی از کتابخانه های اینترنت این مقاله به چشمم خورد که بسیار جالب است. از شما دعوت می کنم آن را به دقت و با وسواس مطالعه نمایید. خلاصه آن این است که در یک کتاب تاریخی قرون وسطی در بریتانیا، نوشته شده است که در سال 685 باران خون بارید و این دقیقا سال شهادت امام حسین علیه السلام است.

لینک مقاله اصلی که به انگلیسی است و توسط دو نفر به نام Hj Hala and Hj Zaynab El-Fatah نوشته شده است:

لینک آنلاین صفحه مورد نظر در کتاب تاریخ آنگلوساکسون

بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم

(In the Name of God, The Beneficent, The Merciful)

تاریخ آنگلوساکسون و واقعه کربلا

The Anglo Saxon Chronicle and The Tragedy of Karbala

احسان کوثری نیا زهرا اخوان صفایی اُمید کوثری نیا

معرفی کتاب «تاریخ آنگلوساکسون» برگرفته از دایره المعارف بریتانیکا: «کتاب تاریخ آنگلوساکسون یکی از مهمترین اسناد تاریخی است که از دوران قرون وسطی به جای مانده است. این کتاب ابتدا به فرمان پادشاه آلفرد کبیر در حدود سال 890 میلادی گردآوری شد، و تا اواسط قرن دوازدهم میلادی توسط نویسندگان و مورخین مختلف، وقایع سالهای بعد به آن افزوده شد. ما فکر می کنیم که این کتاب به عنوان کاملترین سند تاریخ بریتانیا از آغاز آن تا دوره حکمفرمایی پادشاه استفن در سال 1154 میلادی باشد. اگرچه این کتاب ممکن است تاریخ فراگیر و بی نقصی نباشد ولی این مساله از ارزش بی بدیل آن در به دست آوردن تصویری روشنتر از تاریخ هزار سال پیش بریتانیا نمی کاهد».

قهرمان کربلا، حضرت زینب کبری (س) پس از شهادت برادر بزرگوارش، حضرت سیدالشهداء (ع)، در کوفه خطابه ای شورانگیز به این شرح ایراد فرمود: «ای مردم کوفه، ای فریبکاران، خیانت پیشه گان و گنهکاران، آیا اکنون گریه می کنید؟ خداوند هیچگاه اشکهایتان را نکاهد و قلبهایتان همواره با غم و اندوه همراه باشد. پیمانهای سست شما هیچ اثری از صداقت و راستی ندارد... . با به شهادت رساندن امامتان، کرداری رسوا کننده، ننگ آور و دهشتناک برای شما به ثبت رسید. آیا با وجود بارش بارانهای خونین از آسمان باز هم تردیدی در شما وجود دارد . به خاطر داشته باشید، عذاب آخرت بسیار دردناکتر و ناگوارتر است».

در شکل مقابل، تصویر روی جلد و صفحه اسکن شده از کتاب تاریخ آنگلوساکسون آورده شده است.

در این کتاب، برای هر یک از سالهای میلادی، مهمترین وقایع و رخدادهای تاریخی در حد یک تا چند جمله ذکر شده است. همانگونه که مشاهده می شود، در این کتاب در


خصوص مهمترین وقایع سال 685 میلادی این جمله گزارش شده است:

"685. In this year in Britain it rained blood, and milk and butter were turned into blood."

«685، در این سال در بریتانیا باران خون بارید، و شیر و لبنیات به خون تبدیل شد».

لازم است در اینجا به این نکته مهم اشاره کرد که سال 685 میلادی مصادف با تاریخ سخنرانی زینب کبری (س) در کوفه است. ثبت و گزارش یک واقعه مهم تاریخی (یعنی بارش باران خون از آسمان) از یک منبع تاریخی معتبر و مستقل آن هم در سرزمینی دوردست (بریتانیا و انگلستان) بیانگر چند نکته مهم است: 1) اهمیت واقعه، 2) فراگیر و گیتی گستر بودن آن، 3) تاییدی دیگر بر صحت آن. بارش خون از آسمان پس از شهادت سیدالشهداء (ع)، واقعیتی است که در کتابهای تاریخی مسلمانان (اعم از شیعه و سنی) مکرراً گزارش شده است: «پس از شهادت حسین بن علی (ع)، از آسمان باران خون بارید، به گونه ای چاه ها و دَلوها پر از خون شد». به طور مثال می توان به کتابهای مهم مسلمانان سنی مانند ذخائر العقبی، صص 144، 145، الصوائق المحرقه، صص 116، 192، تذکره الخواص، ص 284 و تفسیر ابن کثیر، ج 9، ص 162 اشاره کرد. والسلام 15/08/87

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